1People-led access Malicious email, phishing, and malicious linksEvidence dated Source date not published Survey-backed current control priority; not assigned to every named victim | A user interacts with a convincing email, link, impersonation, or AI-enhanced lure. | Credential theft, remote-session creation, data access, or first-stage execution before ransomware or extortion pressure. | URL clicks, phishing reports, suspicious downloads, new remote tools, mail-rule changes, impossible travel, and rapid access to sensitive data. |
2Identity-led access Compromised credentials and MFA coverage gapsEvidence dated Source date not published Survey and incident-response priority | Credentials, sessions, tokens, or under-protected accounts provide valid access to SaaS, VPN, firewall admin, or legacy applications. | Trusted login, privilege escalation, lateral movement, data theft, and faster time to impact. | Dormant-account use, MFA changes, new tokens, device-code flows, service-account anomalies, and session revocation failures. |
3Externally reachable control plane Internet-facing edge and remote-access exposure[11]Evidence dated Source date not published Research-backed and case-backed exposure path | A firewall, VPN, gateway, remote-support tool, or related edge system is exploited, misconfigured, deprecated, or accessed with exposed credentials. | Network foothold, credential theft, provider access, ransomware staging, or customer-environment reach. | KEV and critical exposure, unknown admin logins, appliance-originated connections, configuration theft, credential reuse, and post-remediation exposure scans. |
4Third-party and connected-app access Trusted provider, SaaS, OAuth, and API integration abuse[11]Evidence dated Source date not published Source-backed campaign and operating-context priority | Stolen provider information, OAuth tokens, API keys, or connected-app credentials are reused against customer or SaaS environments. | Data theft or extortion can bypass several traditional network stages by entering through a trusted integration. | Connected-app changes, unusual API activity, customer data access, provider notices, Salesforce or SharePoint bulk access, and cross-tenant anomalies. |